6D Marker: an Advanced Kinematic Tracking System for Proving Ground Tests

David Rodriguez･Jose Luís Santos･Carles Vidal･Genís Mensa (Applus+ IDIADA)

This work introduces a cutting-edge 6D marker tracking system employed in an Applus+ IDIADA research project focused on studying occupant behavior before a crash. The system was used to assess the occupant kinematic response to Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) in proving ground testing activities with volunteers. This advanced technology precisely measures the 6 degrees of freedom per each marker with one single camera. The markers are mounted in the most relevant body regions of the occupants to ensure proper kinematics assessment and to provide key information for the subsequent development of vehicle safety strategies with Human Body Models (HBM) simulation.

Emergency Braking-Induced Occupant Repositioning Implications for Restraint System Performance

Simona Roka･Alessandro Gravina･Pablo Lozano･Cesarine Vanheule (IDIADA)

This study explores how emergency braking-induced occupant repositioning affects restraint systems performance, emphasizing the interplay of active and passive safety in unavoidable accidents. Volunteer data from a proving ground measures 3D displacement are used for T0 position. HBMs and ATDs provide unique insights to the new position obtained after AEB. Simulations replicate a frontal impact with an ATD, a passive HBM, and an active HBM. Preliminary tests reveal up to 20cm forward movement of the volunteer's forehead. The outputs from the study are intended for novel scenarios and for inclusion in virtual consumer testing load cases.

Analysis of Rib Strain Generation in Frontal Impact at Medium Impact Velocity

Daisuke Ito･Shin Morimoto (Kansai University)

In this study, Rib deformation in frontal collisions at impact speed below the regulation test was analyzed by finite element analysis. It was confirmed that relatively high plastic strain was generated in the ribs even at impact speed of 35 km/h, depending on a combination of the restraint system and driver body size. We attempted to explain the mechanism of rib strain generation by considering a combination of simple deformation modes.

Safety for the Welfare-Vehicle Passengers with a Wheelchair
-Validation by Sled Tests with a Dummy-

Masahito Hitosugi･Ayumu Kuwahara (Shiga University of Medical Sciende)

With aging, the number of wheelchair users has increased in Japan. There have been some motor vehicle collisions that a passenger with a wheelchair died of the collision. Because the seatbelt did not adequately fit to the body of the wheelchair users, they suffered from fatal injuries. To clarify the kinematics of the passengers with a wheelchair during a frontal collision, we performed sled tests with a dummy model. We propose the task to prevent fatal collisions involving passengers with a wheelchair.

Analysis of Effective Brake Deceleration Waveforms for Reducing Pedestrian Injuries in Vehicle Collisions

Rikuto Takeda･Yuqing Zhao･Koji Mizuno (Nagoya University)･Asei Wakabayashi･Mami Kawase･Toshio Hosokawa (DENSO)･Yong Han (Xiamen University of Technology)

During vehicle collisions, pedestrians sustain injuries from both the vehicle and the road surface. This study aimed to model vehicles and pedestrians using multibody dynamics and optimize behavior upon impact with the road surface based on vehicle body shape and pedestrian physique. The goal was to determine the brake deceleration waveform that minimizes pedestrian injuries caused by the road surface.

Proposal for the Strength Testing of Automotive Windshields in Preparation for Changes in Pedestrian Protection Laws and Regulations

Toru Takabayashi･Jirou Nishihama (AGC)

In some cases, the windshield does not break in a pedestrian head impact test and a high HIC value is obtained. Although it is difficult to evaluate the HIC value of glass alone, we would like to predict the results to some extent before installing it in a vehicle. In this paper, we clarified the glass requirements for deriving a good HIC value and discussed the usefulness of the falling ball test as a single glass performance test to determine whether the requirements have been achieved.